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We can consider the following example from Islamic jurisprudence: Timustashi's Tanwir al-Absar matn book was commented on by Alauddin Haskafi under the title of Durr al-Mukhtar. If an author cannot complete his/her book or the context is lacking, the written text to complete this book is called takmila. Furthermore, the judgments in the sharhs are analyzed taking into account their evidence. The taliqa and the hashiya often criticize information and evaluate the strengths of the arguments in the sharh and matn. They are usually called taliqa, which consists of notes taken while reading the book.
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While some issues in sharhs are explained, additional information is added. Hashiyas are generally written at the bottom of pages. Hashiya (Super-commentary / Gloss) and Taliqa Sharhs not only explain the unknown words and ambiguous sentences, but also criticize information in the matn book. Commentaries are either written in margins or integrated in the text. For these reasons, sharhs (commentaries) are written on these books. The ambiguity and difficulty increase over time. Since matn books are brief, their sentences and content may be ambiguous and difficult to understand. They generally do not mention different opinions and do not make comparative analyses on the subject under discussion. These books give fundamental concepts and a general overview for their subjects. Students at the first level of the related science are taught through these books. These kinds of books are fundamental books for the sciences on which they are written. Even though Turkey has the biggest manuscript collection in the world, the studies on the tradition of sharh-hashiya are just at the beginning stage. Unfortunately, only 10% of these manuscripts have been studied, which shows that evaluating this tradition will take long time. It is estimated that the number of extant manuscripts is approximately 10 million. Since this topic has attracted many academics, University of California, Berkeley, hosted Commentaries Conference (October 12-14, 2012) in order to discuss the tradition of sharh-hashiya in Islamic intellectual history. In recent years, the works concentrating on sharh-hashiya books have nullified this judgment by showing the originality of these books. However, such a judgment has been made recklessly. Some orientalists, such as Montgomery Watt, and their followers underestimate the value of the tradition of sharh-hashiya, and they also claim that these kinds of books do not demonstrate the originality. īefore explaining these types of books, I would like to bring up an important issue about these books. This post considers different kinds of books in terms of their purpose of writing and explains what matn, sharh, hashiya, taliqa, and takmila are. Moreover, books have been treated as an art object due to different writing styles, ornaments on their pages and covers, and their binding styles. Since books were a medium through which ilm was transmitted to the next generation, they have taken an important place in Islamic civilization. Islamic civilization was built on ilm (knowledge). … Let me state here that Baron de Tott's that the press was scorned and Ibrahim had to close his press is totally false”. It is easy to have Arabic and Turkish manuscripts, whose beauty and elegance are beyond the printed books. Turks like the hand-written books very much. Moreover, if many manuscripts Turks order copied based on their need and pleasure are considered, it will become immediately obvious that one press in such a huge capital cannot damage the calligraphers. At this time, these books are not published in the press. But most of them copy mushaf (Quran), tafsir (Quranic exegesis), dua (invocation), hutba (sermon), tasawwuf (sufism) and religious books. It is true that many people make money from this occupation. Evaluating narrations about the closing of Ibrahim Mutafarrika's press, he writes: “The pervasive and often repeated story that calligraphers stopped the press' service by putting pressure on the State is based on the gossip between the common people and is nothing but a baseless invention.